Across Clues

5.    Gymnastics approach promoted in the U.S. by Nissen and Posse (3 words) - Swedish Movement cure

10.  Physical education was an important part of education in this ancient city state - Athens

13.  P.L. 94-142 increased physical education and sport opportunities for the disabled or _______________ - handicapped (now considered a pejorative term - its use should be avoided)

16.  the forerunner of AAHPERD - AAAPE = American Association for the Advancement of Physical Education

18.  this philosophy deterred physical education in the Dark Ages, it means denying the body to uplift the spirit, especially for religious reasons - asceticism

21.  first president of the American Association for the Advancement of Physical Education - Dr. Edward Hitchcock- in the late 1800s, his physical education program at Amherst College made a lasting impact on American physical education. He was primarily concerned with improving the health of college students through hygiene and exercise programs. In addition, Hitchcock was interested in anthropometry and kept records on age, weight, height, chest girth, arm girth, forearm girth, lung capacity and pull-ups on thousands of students.

22.  Greek city state which used physical education to practice for the military - Sparta

23.  noted contribution to physical education from ancient India - yoga

24.  acronym for an intercollegiate athletics governing body - NCAA - National Collegiate Athletic Association

25.  belief system that significantly influenced people's participation in physical education throughout history - "Muscular Christianity" is an example - religion

26.  international sports competition with its roots in ancient Greece - Olympics

Down Clues

1.   country in which physical education experienced a "Golden Age" - Greece

2.   promoter of natural gymnastics and the "new" physical education - Thomas D. Wood - in early 1900s believed more emphasis should be placed on games and game skills and called his program "Natural Gymnastics" - Wood, along with Rosalind Cassidy and Jesse Feiring Williams,  co-authored the book The New Physical Education in 1927. The book stressed the biological, psychological, and sociological foundations of physical education.

3.   ancient country that promoted blood sports and encouraged spectators - Rome

4.   nickname for the U.S. President who established the President's Council on Youth fitness - Ike - President Dwight D. Eisenhower

6.   movement founded by the Germans Johann Guts Muth and Friedrich Jahn - it was brought to America by Charles Beck - Turnverein - see number 19 down - for more information on the "1800s Battle of Gymnastics Styles" look on the FAQs page

7.   noted advocate of playgrounds - the New York City playground leader - Jacob A. Riis - probably not all that important - but the playground movement had a rapid period of growth after Boston set up the first sand garden in 1885 - in 1888 New York passed a law that provided for a study of places where children could play outside - it is with this effort that Riss is associated

8.   noted physical education measurement specialist - David K. Brace - he was one of the two leading tests and measurements men in the early 1900s - Fredrick Rand Rogers may be the better know of the two - Rogers and Brace sought to develop tests of physical ability that would group students, measure achievement, motivate performance and predict future achievement

9.   laws or significant influence on opportunities for participation by all individuals - legislation

11.  a necessity for Naismith's invention - hoop - basketball needs a hoop

12.  selective service examinations for World War I and World War II revealed that many American men were ___________ - unfit

14.  Naismith's invention - basketball

15.  catalyst for development of the military gymnastics and conditioning programs -  war

17.  the religious deterrent to physical education in Colonial America - Puritanism - the Puritans of Colonial America were opposed to physical education - they viewed play as the work of the devil

19.  introduced Jahn's programs to the U.S. - Charles Beck - see # 6 down - for more information on the "1800s Battle of Gymnastics Styles" look on the FAQs page

20.  noted British physical educator and author- Archibald Maclaren - he was designated to devise a system of physical education for the British Army and the book that resulted was adopted by Great Britain's armed forces - Mclaren contributed several other books to the field - in his works he points out that health is more important than strength; physical activity is an antidote for tension, weariness, and nervousness; recreational exercise is not enough for growing boys and girls; physical activity and mental activity are inseparable; exercises should be adapted to an individual's needs; and that physical education should be an essential part of the school curriculum